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Trudeau’s Reign of Terror Will Likely Stop Short of Canada’s Total Destruction But he tried his best. by Robert Spencer

https://www.frontpagemag.com/trudeaus-reign-of-terror-will-likely-stop-short-of-canadas-total-destruction/

At long last, on Monday Justin Trudeau has announced his pending resignation, although it will be awhile before he is actually gone. In declaring his intention to resign, Trudeau prorogued parliament until March 4, which means it will not be in session, but will not be dissolved. During this period, the Liberal Party will select a new leader, after which Trudeau says he will finally depart from the scene. Thus the misrule of this curious man is likely to come to a definitive end reasonably soon, and we can only hope that he doesn’t do too much more damage between now and then.

Trudeau is the embodiment of David Horowitz’s indelible dictum that “inside every progressive is a totalitarian screaming to get out. He himself has been upfront about this. Back in 2013, before he was prime minister, he was asked what country he admired most. Trudeau answered: “You know, there’s a level of admiration I actually have for China because their basic dictatorship is allowing them to actually turn their economy around on a dime and say ‘we need to go green fastest … we need to start investing in solar.’ I mean, there is a flexibility that I know Stephen Harper must dream about, of having a dictatorship that he can do everything he wanted, that I find quite interesting.”

Then when Fidel Castro died in 2016, Trudeau’s statement gave no hint of the bloodthirstiness and repression of the Communist regime in Cuba. Instead, the vacant and vapid Canadian prime minister was fairly gushing with praise for “Cuba’s longest-serving President.” He declared that “Fidel Castro was a larger than life leader who served his people for almost half a century. A legendary revolutionary and orator, Mr. Castro made significant improvements to the education and healthcare of his island nation.”

Trudeau admitted that Castro was a “controversial figure,” but insisted that “both Mr. Castro’s supporters and detractors recognized his tremendous dedication and love for the Cuban people, who had a deep and lasting affection for ‘el Comandante.’” He said that his family was joining “the people of Cuba today in mourning the loss of this remarkable leader.”

This was not just an ill-considered outpouring of grief for a man Trudeau obviously loved dearly. His praise for China and for Castro have in common an admiration for the authoritarian’s ability to get things done with no regard for the opposition or the give-and-take of the democratic process. China was able to go green and Castro was able to make significant improvements to education and healthcare (in Trudeau’s view, not in real life) because they didn’t have to deal with all the carping and compromise that working with parliaments and voters entails.

The Biggest Peacetime Crime—and Cover-up—in British History Dominic Green*****

https://www.thefp.com/p/muslim-grooming-gangs-cover-up-keir-starmer-elon-musk?utm_source=substack&utm_medium=email

The serial rape of thousands of English girls went on for many years. Few in power cared. Then Elon Musk started tweeting.

LONDON — The grooming and serial rape of thousands of English girls by men of mostly Pakistani Muslim background over several decades is the biggest peacetime crime in the history of modern Europe. It went on for many years. It is still going on. And there has been no justice for the vast majority of the victims.

British governments, both Conservative and Labour, hoped that they had buried the story after a few symbolic prosecutions in the 2010s. And it looked like they had succeeded—until Elon Musk read some of the court papers and tweeted his disgust and bafflement on X over the new year.

Britain now stands shamed before the world. The public’s suppressed wrath is bubbling to the surface in petitions, calls for a public inquiry, and demands for accountability.

The scandal is already reshaping British politics. It’s not just about the heinous nature of the crimes. It’s that every level of the British system is implicated in the cover-up.

Social workers were intimidated into silence. Local police ignored, excused, and even abetted pedophile rapists across dozens of cities. Senior police and Home Office officials deliberately avoided action in the name of maintaining what they called “community relations.” Local councilors and Members of Parliament rejected pleas for help from the parents of raped children. Charities, NGOs, and Labour MPs accused those who discussed the scandal of racism and Islamophobia. The media mostly ignored or downplayed the biggest story of their lifetimes. Zealous in their incuriosity, much of Britain’s media elite remained barnacled to the bubble of Westminster politics and its self-serving priorities.

They did this to defend a failed model of multiculturalism, and to avoid asking hard questions about failures of immigration policy and assimilation. They did this because they were afraid of being called racist or Islamophobic. They did this because Britain’s traditional class snobbery had fused with the new snobbery of political correctness.

Heather Mac Donald What’s Behind the AfD Party’s Rise in Germany Critics call the populist party a threat to democracy, but many Germans aren’t buying it. *******

https://www.city-journal.org/article/germany-populist-afd-party-immigration

Elon Musk calls it the “last spark of hope” for Germany. European elites call it the heir to National Socialism. The debate over Germany’s reviled populist party, the Alternative for Germany (Alternativ für Deutschland, or AfD), is worth paying attention to, since it reveals modern Western society’s most fundamental belief structure. That debate is about to heat up further, when Musk holds a live conversation on X with the AfD’s leader. The elites, Musk says, “will lose their minds.”

The Alternative for Germany is a leper in German political life, due to the party’s opposition to Germany’s lax immigration policies. Germany’s Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution, a domestic intelligence agency, has granted itself authority to surveil the party, which it deems a threat to democracy.

Germany’s other political parties have pledged not to cooperate with the AfD. The resulting “firewall” shuts the party out of governing coalitions, no matter how much popular support it enjoys. The AfD is denied the committee chairmanships in the national parliament in Berlin that its numbers would otherwise entitle it to. German courts have almost uniformly rejected the party’s efforts to remove these legal and extralegal barriers to normal participation in political life. The media keep AfD officials off the airwaves. While other political leaders, including far leftists, are regularly quoted in the press and interviewed, AfD representatives are spectral presences, rarely heard or seen on broadcasts or given space in publications.

The problems motivating the AfD’s rise are not spectral, however. Immigration into Germany increased significantly in 2015, when then-Chancellor Angela Merkel famously announced: “Wir schaffen das! [We can handle this!],” in response to the thousands of Syrians then crossing into the country. Twenty-three percent of the German population in 2021 were first- or second-generation immigrants—and that was before the Ukrainian migration. Over 17 percent of the German population are first-generation immigrants, a higher percentage than in the United States, where less than 14 percent of the population were foreign-born in 2022. The burdens on Germany’s social services, criminal-justice system, and housing stock have been enormous. Fifty-five percent of Syrians with at least eight years of German residency were on welfare in 2023, compared with 5 percent of native Germans. More than 60 percent of the people in Germany who depend on government benefits for income are foreign-born or second-generation migrants, according to the Wall Street Journal. The disruption to social cohesion from an unassimilated alien culture is greater still.

Establishment panic over the AfD reached a boiling point in late summer 2024. On August 23, 2024, an illegal Syrian asylum seeker stabbed to death three people attending a “diversity” festival in the western German town of Solingen. The festival commemorated Solingen’s 650th anniversary; it was a telling marker of modern German ideology that the city honored its medieval roots with a paean to “diversity.” Twenty percent of the Solingen population are now foreign-born. No one in the press observed the irony of a “diverse” Solingen resident trying to kill as many of Solingen’s less diverse inhabitants as possible, on the day celebrating his presence in the city.

Elections for the state parliaments of two eastern German states—Thüringen and Sachsen—were scheduled for September 1. The Solingen knifings threatened to boost the AfD’s vote share. And so, the Nazi comparisons poured out. Bodo Ramelow, the minister president of Thüringen and member of the Left party, told public TV station ZDF that he was fighting the “normalization of fascism.” “That is my battle [das ist mein Kampf],” he said. Election signs in Thüringen read: “Whoever votes for AfD is voting for FASCISM! [Wer AfD wählt, wählt FASCHISMUS!].” A female protesting the AfD on the day of the election told ZDF that she was “demonstrating for democracy.” She didn’t want to live in a “Nazi realm,” she said. A journalist in Berlin wrote that the “specter of Nazism continues to haunt Germany.”

Irish Archbishop Gives His Imprimatur to the Most Grotesque False Charge Against Israel Hugh Fitzgerald

https://jihadwatch.org/2025/01/irish-archbishop-gives-his-imprimatur-to-the-most-grotesque-false-charge-against-israel?utm_source=rss&utm_medium=

Eamon Martin, the Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland, has a spittle-flecked message for Israel:”Irish Catholic Archbishop: Israeli response to Hamas ‘merciless and disproportionate,’” by Michael Starr, Jerusalem Post, January 2, 2025:

“I highlight Gaza not only because of the severe impact of this conflict but because it is emblematic of the failure of the international community to prevent the escalation of conflict and to protect civilians,” said Martin. “This is despite rulings of the International Court of Justice on protection from genocide, on illegal occupation of Territories, and on systemic discrimination.”

Martin has given his imprimatur to the grotesque charge that in Gaza Israel has been committing genocide. The only attempt at “genocide” in this whole business was that displayed by Hamas on October 7, 2023, when its operatives raped, tortured, and murdered Israelis, gouging out eyes and cutting off genitalia of some of its victims before killing them. The IDF has not been committing “genocide” in Gaza. The IDF has facilitated the delivery of 1.1 tons of humanitarian aid, which is not what an army hellbent on genocide would do. Only 13,000 civilians in Gaza, out of a total population of 2.2 million, have died as a result of the war. And it must be repeated: the IDF has made unprecedented efforts to minimize civilian casualties by warning people away from places about to be targeted. Hamas, on the other hand, by embedding its operatives and hiding its weapons in civilian areas, is deliberately trying to maximize civilian casualties.

Martin said that with more sophisticated and powerful weapons being employed in streets, homes, hospitals, and schools, modern warfare had become indistinguishable from terrorism.

“How can tactics, which cause thousands of civilian deaths, alongside the whole scale [sic] destruction of food, water, health services, and other infrastructure that is essential for survival, ever hope to restore justice and rights, resolve differences, respect human dignity, or provide a path for reconciliation and peace?” asserted the archbishop.

More “sophisticated” weapons have allowed the IDF to strike terrorist targets with greater precision, thus minimizing collateral damage. As for Martin’s charge about the “whole scale” (sic) “destruction of food, water, health services and other infrastructure,” every part of this claim is preposterous. The IDF does not “destroy” food and water in Gaza, but supplies both to the Gazans. The IDF cannot, however, be blamed if, once the trucks bringing the aid are inside Gaza, some of that aid is seized by Hamas both for distribution to its own members and for sale to ordinary Gazans. Nor is Israel destroying “health services” — that is, hospitals. It is Hamas, by hiding its weapons and men, sometimes hundreds of them, inside hospitals, that makes not the hospitals in their entirety, but the places where those men and weapons are located, legitimate targets of the IDF.

Martin is the latest Irish religious leader to issue harsh criticism of Israel’s conduct during the Israel-Hamas War, with Anglican Church of Ireland Canon David Oxley claiming on Remembrance Sunday that the IDF had a cruel policy of targeting schools, hospitals, and mosques, and that Israelis saw Jews as a “master race” – a term usually associated with Nazi ideology.

The Catholic Archbishop Eamon Martin is deplorable, but far worse is the openly antisemitic Anglican Church of Ireland Canon David Oxley, who dares to claim that Israelis see Jews as a “master race.” The Jews as the new Nazis? But why then did that “master race” allow the 160,000 Arabs in Israel in 1949 to not only live, but to multiply until there are now two million Arabs in Israel? And why did the Jews who won control of Gaza in the Six-Day War allow the 400,000 Arabs in Gaza in 1967 to increase until there were 1.2 million Arabs in the Strip when Israel withdrew in 2005? And why did Israel allow the 900,000 Arabs who were living in the West Bank in 1967 to become the three million living there today? Surely the “master race” could have prevented all that.

And if the Israelis believe that Jews are the “master race,” as Oxley claims, why are Arabs allowed to serve on Israel’s Supreme Court, to sit in the Knesset, to have their own political parties? Why are those “inferior” Arabs allowed to become doctors and treat Jewish patients? Why does the “master race” allow Arabs to serve side-by-side with Jews in the military? Or let Arabs play on the same sports teams, and in the same orchestras, or to work with Jews in the same offices and factories? Why does the “master race” of Jews in Israel provide medical care to Arabs, and let Arabs provide medical care to Jews? Why do the “master race” Jews allow Arabs to become the heads of Israeli companies, including the largest. bank in Israel? Why does that “master race” make such tremendous efforts to spare the lives of the “inferior” Arabs in Gaza with its elaborate warnings about targeted sites? Perhaps Canon Oxley should look into the Qur’an, where he will discover that it is Muslims, not Jews, who are taught that they are the “best of peoples” and non-Muslims are “the most vile of created beings.”

Tommy, Nigel, and Elon Three men and an infant political party. by Bruce Bawer

https://www.frontpagemag.com/tommy-nigel-and-elon/

In cities all over England, so-called grooming gangs – that is, Muslim rape crews – have been in operation for decades, and news about them has made headlines on and off for years. In the last week or two, however, the issue has risen to the surface as never before. “Britain’s grooming gangs scandal is attracting attention,” wrote Charlie Peters of GB News on January 2. “It’s happened before, but now it seems different.” Indeed, Brendan O’Neill said in a recent interview that “a lot of people” in Britain appear to be hearing about the grooming gangs for the first time. How on earth is this possible?

In any event, one reason why the issue has returned to the front burner is that Jess Phillips, Britain’s Safeguarding Minister, has refused to order a government inquiry into child sexual abuse in Oldham, which is part of Greater Manchester. Another reason is that Elon Musk began tweeting (X-ing?) in condemnation of the government inaction on the rape gangs – and in support of the courageous Tommy Robinson, the Luton lad (now age 42) who’s been a target of the British establishment ever since he began blowing the whistle on them many years ago. On January 2, he posted: “Free Tommy Robinson!” It’s Jess Phillips, not Tommy, opined Elon, who should be behind bars. Elon’s tweets about Tommy and the rape gangs “exploded the political discourse in this country,” said British podcaster Carl Benjamin, a supporter of Tommy.

Tommy, as you may know, has been in prison since October. His crimes are as follows. First, in his documentary Silenced, in violation of a court order, he contradicted the official narrative about a young Syrian immigrant who was, as Tommy showed, not a victim but a thug. Second, also in violation of the same court order, he talked about that young immigrant on Jordan Peterson’s podcast, screened Silenced in Trafalgar Square, and posted it online (where it’s accumulated over 150 million views). Third, In supposed violation of the Terrorism Act, he refused to let the police access the contents of his mobile phone, which contained confidential information about his sources. This isn’t Tommy’s first stretch in the hoosegow. The powers that be recognize him as a threat to their power and are determined to bring him down on any pretext they can. As Lavrentiy Beria said, “Show me the man and I’ll show you the crime.” In short, Tommy is a political prisoner. And Elon understands that.

Elon’s posts about Tommy prompted a range of reactions. Tommy’s supporters were delighted. But many of Tommy’s critics were outraged at what they described as the attempt by a foreigner to interfere in British politics. Winston Marshall (who left the band Mumson & Sons after his public enthusiasm for Andy Ngo’s book about Antifa caused outrage on the left) shot these critics down tidily:

If it’s acceptable for British politicians to kneel for George Floyd, why is it not acceptable for American citizens to tweet about the victims of British rape gangs?

If it’s acceptable for Labour to send 100 staff to the US to campaign for Kamala, why is it not acceptable for American citizens to opine on British politics?

German Government Covering Up Islamist Attack? by Robert Williams

https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/21270/germany-attack-cover-up

“He [Christmas market attacker Taleb al-Abdulmohsen] himself claimed to be a Wahhabi. He had open contacts with Hamas people, as well as with supporters of IS. He threatened ex-Muslim and secular associations, as well as women who had fled from Saudi Arabia and renounced Islam. The association and the women legally defended themselves against him. He attacked the Central Council of Ex-Muslims as well as me as a member. All the major critics of Islam blocked Taleb because everyone received confused messages and threats. He never directly criticized Islam or its associations. While we protested in front of mosques, he fought us. He also repeatedly defended Saudi Arabia.” — Ali Utlu, German ex-Muslim, X, December 21, 2024.

The German government, it appears, is covering up an Islamist terror attack at a Christmas market as “Islamophobic.” Perhaps the ruling coalition of Social Democrat and Green parties is seeking new votes in next month’s elections; perhaps it is seeking to pretend away its own massive failure at stopping a terrorist about whom the authorities were warned so many times.

Evidently, the German government does not consider disinformation a problem, so long as it is the German government that is doing it.

The German city of Magdeburg was written into the sad history of terrorist attacks by Muslim migrants, when Saudi Arabian terrorist Taleb al-Abdulmohsen drove 200 meters into a crowded Christmas market on December 20, murdering a nine-year-old boy and four women, while wounding more than 200 people, 40 critically.

It has been a quarter of a century since German authorities first identified an Islamist terrorist cell in the country. In 2000, that cell was preparing a terrorist attack on a Christmas market in Strasbourg, France. Since then, and especially after German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s policy of leaving Germany’s borders wide open to Muslim migrants in 2015, Islamist terrorism has been the major security threat in Western Europe, especially in Germany, where Christmas markets have been an especially coveted target. Author and journalist Douglas Murray calls it, “one of the Continent’s newest traditions: the Christmas market terrorist attack.” In December 2016, an Islamist also rammed a vehicle into a Christmas market in Berlin, murdering 12 people and wounding 50.

Once-in-a-Lifetime Opportunity: Defeat Iran’s Oppressive Regime by Majid Rafizadeh

https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/21273/defeat-iran-regime

Iran’s mullahs would surely love nothing more than to cut a deal with the incoming Trump administration that would enable them to stay in power, build their nuclear weapons and unleash them at a later date.

Bribing adversaries to stop only provides funding, which finances their military so they can attack us later with bigger weapons. That is how North Korea and Iran built their nuclear weapons programs. China’s was built by direct investment: a gift to kill us from Uncle Sam.

Let us please ensure that Iran’s brutal theocratic tyranny will be gone for good. So long as it holds power, there will never be a peaceful future for the Middle East.

Rarely in history does an opportunity arise to confront a brutal regime that has not only oppressed its own population but also destabilized the world by support for terrorism and terrorist allies.

The Iranian regime is such a dictatorship. For more than four decades, this regime has systematically crushed the rights and freedoms of its citizens, and silenced dissent through violence, imprisonment and execution.

Beyond its borders, Iran’s regime has acted as a malignant force, spreading instability by funding and arming proxy groups such as Hezbollah, Hamas and the Houthis, while forming alliances with regimes hostile to the US and the West in regions as far-flung as China and Latin America. The regime’s actions have sown chaos and bloodshed across the globe, leaving a trail of destruction and despair. Now, for the first time in decades, the Iranian regime is at its weakest point, presenting a rare moment of unity for its adversaries to strike decisively to ensure a long-term future of stability and peace.

Germany’s New Morgenthau Plan Eighty years ago, Germany’s former conquerors rejected wrecking the defeated nation as too harsh. But now Germany is willfully pastoralizing, disarming, deindustrializing—and destroying—itself. By Victor Davis Hanson

https://amgreatness.com/2025/01/02/germanys-new-morgenthau-plan/

Less than a year before the end of World War II, then U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau drew up a nightmarish plan to punish postwar Germany.

After the serial 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War, World War I, and World War II—along with the failed Versailles peace treaty of 1919—the Allies in World War II wanted to ensure there would never again be an aggressive Germany powerful enough to invade its neighbors.

When the so-called Morgenthau Plan was leaked to the press in September 1944, at first it was widely praised. After all, it would supposedly render Germany incapable of ever starting another world war in Europe.

Morgenthau certainly envisioned a Carthaginian peace, designed to ensure a permanently deindustrialized, unarmed, and pastoral Germany.

Postwar Germany would have resembled something akin to the ancient, pre-civilized frontier that the first-century AD historian Tacitus wrote about in his Germania.

The plan would have ensured that within six months of Germany’s surrender, all of its industrial plants and equipment were to be dismantled.

The Ruhr, the renowned center of European industrial strength, was to be permanently neutered, starved of its energy, raw materials, and infrastructure.

After the war, the plan demanded virtual complete disarmament of Germany. Its once-feared armed forces were to be rendered nonexistent.

Multiculturalism, Human Rights and the West by Nils A. Haug

https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/21268/multiculturalism-human-rights

The moral laws of each tradition — that of the Torah and Sharia – when applied — result in different outcomes. Most of the punishments specified in the Torah are no longer practiced. According to Sharia, however, punishments such as amputations or stoning to death for adultery, “especially women” – which can include pre-marital sex or having been raped — as well as death for blasphemy or for choosing to leave the religion, are in force to this day.

“If they [Muslims] had gotten rid of the punishment [often death] for apostasy, Islam would not exist today,” the late Sunni religious leader, Yusuf al Qaradawi, speculated on Egyptian television.

Nonie Darwish responded: “The most striking thing about his statement, however, was that it was not an apology; it was a logical, proud justification for preserving the death penalty as a punishment for apostasy.”

Divinely sanctioned treatment by Muslims of non-Muslims still includes rape, slavery and death.

“So, when you meet those who disbelieve [in battle], strike [their] necks until, when you have inflicted slaughter upon them, then secure their bonds, and either [confer] favor afterwards or ransom [them] until the war lays down its burdens. That [is the command]. And if Allah had willed, He could have taken vengeance upon them [Himself], but [He ordered armed struggle] to test some of you by means of others. And those who are killed in the cause of Allah – never will He waste their deeds.” — Quran 47:4 (Sahih Translation).

As the visions of holy war and martyrdom are underpinned by Sharia, Islamic jihadists appear to believe that they are doctrinally permitted to sow terror, death and destruction among non-Muslims wherever they are.

One unsurprising reason for the “wilful blindness” of the US and other major Western powers towards religious extremists is that politicians look for votes.

[I]t is the tiny nation of Israel that has found itself largely alone in the desperate fight to preserve the West’s Judeo-Christian ideals. It would be to the West’s advantage if its other nations would join Israel in this noble task.

The laws of the Torah, which became known to the world as Moses’ Ten Commandments, founded the West’s moral and ethical precepts on which its laws and judicial concepts such as justice and mercy are based. This development is reflected in the United States’ founding documents, as well as England’s Magna Carta of 1215, among others.

The opening paragraph of America’s 1776 Declaration of Independence, for instance, refers to “the laws of nature” and “nature’s God.” From this assertion, the imperative of a sound ethical, moral and religious foundation for America’s values was established. According to America’s founding fathers, the laws of Moses – those moral codes sometimes collectively referred to as the “natural law” – underpin the value-based Western order, or civilization as distinguished from barbarism. In terms of religion, people in the West generally value the underlying importance of these Judeo-Christian values to their community.

Syria and the Changing Global Calculus By Joshua Muravchik

https://quillette.com/2024/12/31/syria-and-the-changing-global-calculus-iran-russia-lebanon-israel/?ref=quillette-weekly-newsletter

Iran and Russia have suffered serious setbacks over the past year, but grave dangers remain.

It was not quite as quick as the Six Day War, nor is it likely to be as consequential as the “Ten Days that Shook the World,” when Lenin’s Bolsheviks seized power in Russia. But it took only twelve days from the moment an Islamist band struck out from their redoubt in Idlib until they overran the presidential palace in Damascus, chasing President Bashar al-Assad into exile. And if it proves to be less momentous than the birth of communism in 1917, it has still shaken the Middle East, with reverberations that are likely to be felt around the globe.

Initially, Russia and Iran had acted to defend the regime of President Assad. A reported 4,000 Iranian Revolutionary Guards were stationed in Syria, boosted by a contingent of Lebanese Hezbollah fighters. As the rebels advanced, Iranian foreign minister Abbas Araghchi flew to Baghdad, seeking to add forces from the Shi’ite-dominated government there. But when he was turned down, Iran ordered the IRGC to hasten home from Syria, and Hezbollah dispatched some officers from Lebanon to bring its fighters home. Russia, whose critical military support of Assad had always consisted primarily of airpower, flew a few sorties against the rebels in the first days of their campaign. These claimed some lives, but they didn’t slow the rebel advance, and the airstrikes soon petered out.

Humiliated by the sudden fall of their client, Moscow and Tehran issued almost identical explanations. One Russian analyst said of Assad’s forces: “It’s not possible to help an army that’s running.” Iran’s Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said: “Voluntary forces from elsewhere can only fight alongside the army of that country. If the local army shows weakness, the [outsiders] cannot do anything.” But Russia and Iran had come to Syria in the first place because its army was hardly fighting.

That was during the previous decade. In 2011, the year of the “Arab Spring,” peaceful protests began in Syria as in many nearby countries. The regime sought to repress them violently, and soldiers began to defect. Some of the deserters reappeared as armed escorts defending the protest marches. As violence mounted, nonviolent protests gave way to full-scale civil war. A rebel force was formed largely from defectors, calling itself the Free Syrian Army. Sunni Arab states, Turkey, and Western countries provided the rebels with arms and training. On the other side, Russia, Iran, and Iran’s instrument, Hezbollah, rallied to support the regime. But Syrian soldiers continued to defect or perform desultorily and lost ground.